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Screening of Fungi Capable of Degrading Lignocellulose from Plantation Forests
Djarwanto,S. Tachibana
Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences , 2009,
Abstract: In an effort to prevent forest fires after the clear cutting of plantation forests, fungi capable of degrading lignocelluloses were isolated to make a fertilizer from the logging waste. Seventy five fungal species were isolated from fruiting bodies and mycelia in plantation forests of South and North Sumatera, Indonesia. Sixty three of the fungi were identified based on the appearance and morphological characteristics of their fruiting bodies and mycelia, as Pycnoporus sanguineus, Dacryopinax spathularia, Schizophyllum commune, Polyporus sp. and Trametes sp. Twenty fungi were categorized as white-rot fungi and 12 as brown-rot fungi. Moreover, isolates 371, 368, 265, 346, 345 and 338 were selected using indicators and tested for the ability to degrade lignin and holo-cellulose in mangium wood meal over 1 to 4 weeks. Results showed that the 6 fungi could degrade lignin and holo-cellulose in wood meal. An increase in incubation time tended to decrease the amounts of lignin and holo-cellulose. Isolate 371 was found to be best at degrading lignin and holo-cellulose in mangium wood meal.
Decomposition of Lignin and Holocellulose on Acacia mangium Leaves and Twigs by Six Fungal Isolates from Nature
Djarwanto,S. Tachibana
Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences , 2010,
Abstract: This research was conducted in the aim of preventing wild fire through reducing potential energy source to become in situ fertilizer. To prevent forest fires by reducing wood waste using lignocellulose-degrading fungi, six fungal isolates were tested for lignin and cellulose-degrading activity with Acacia mangium leaves and twigs over a period of 1 to 3 months. The fungi degraded 8.9-27.1% of the lignin and 14-31% of the holocellulose. The degradation rate varied depending on the fungal species. An increase in incubation time tended to decrease the amounts of holocellulose and lignin. However, the hot water soluble tended to increase following a longer incubation period. From the results obtained here, more time was needed to degrade lignin rather than other components in the sample.
Biodegradation of Aliphatic Hydrocarbon in Three Types of Crude Oil by Fusarium sp. F092 under Stress with Artificial Sea Water
A. Hidayat,S. Tachibana
Journal of Environmental Science and Technology , 2012,
Abstract: The biodegradation of hydrocarbons in crude oil under saline stress needs to be investigated because degradation was generally lack or slow, whereas crude oil or petroleum hydrocarbons are major pollutants of marine environments. A natural isolate, Fusarium sp. F092, having the ability to degrade chrysene was used to degrade the aliphatic fraction in crude oil contaminating a liquid culture with artificial sea water (35). Three types of crude oil were used to perform these experiments. F092 showed the best performance to break down the aliphatic fraction in crude oil type-3 (98%) and type-2 (72%) and type-1 (49%) after 60 days with an initial concentration of 1000 mg L-1. Furthermore, almost all the aliphatic compounds (Up to C31) in the crude oil were degraded by F092 which preferred short and long chain hydrocarbons. Incubation with 15000 mg L-1 degraded less than 40% of the aliphatic fraction of all crude oils tested. The outstanding ability of Fusarium sp. F092 to adapt to artificial sea water and degrade the aliphatic fraction of all crude oils at high concentrations offers an alternative for bioremediation of crude oil-polluted marine environments.
Performance based design of reinforced concrete beams under impact
S. Tachibana,H. Masuya,S. Nakamura
Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences (NHESS) & Discussions (NHESSD) , 2010, DOI: 10.5194/nhess-10-1069-2010
Abstract: The purpose of this research is to collect fundamental data and to establish a performance-based design method for reinforced concrete beams under perpendicular impact load. Series of low speed impact experiments using reinforced concrete beams were performed varying span length, cross section and main reinforcement. The experimental results are evaluated focusing on the impact load characteristics and the impact behaviours of reinforced concrete beams. Various characteristic values and their relationships are investigated such as the collision energy, the impact force duration, the energy absorbed by the beams and the beam response values. Also the bending performance of the reinforced concrete beams against perpendicular impact is evaluated. An equation is proposed to estimate the maximum displacement of the beam based on the collision energy and the static ultimate bending strength. The validity of the proposed equation is confirmed by comparison with experimental results obtained by other researchers as well as numerical results obtained by FEM simulations. The proposed equation allows for a performance based design of the structure accounting for the actual deformation due to the expected impact action.
Classical Aspects of the Abelian Higgs Model on the Light Front
K. Itakura,S. Maedan,M. Tachibana
Physics , 1998, DOI: 10.1016/S0370-2693(98)01228-3
Abstract: We investigate canonical structure of the Abelian Higgs model within the framework of DLCQ. Careful boundary analysis of differential equations, such as the Euler-Lagrange equations, leads us to a novel situation where the canonical structure changes in a drastic manner depending on whether the (light-front) spatial Wilson line is periodic or not. In the former case, the gauge-field ZM takes discrete values and we obtain the so-called ``Zero-Mode Constraints'' (ZMCs), whose semiclassical solutions give a nonzero vev to the scalar fields. Contrary, in the latter case, we have no ZMC and the scalar ZMs remain dynamical as well as the gauge-field ZM. In order to give classically nonzero vev to the scalar field, we work in a background field which minimizes the light-front energy.
Intravesical Non-Alkalinized Lidocaine Instillation for Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome Patients  [PDF]
Teiichiro Aoyagi, Masaaki Tachibana
Open Journal of Urology (OJU) , 2012, DOI: 10.4236/oju.2012.24040
Abstract: Purpose: The effectiveness of daily or weekly instillation of non-alkalinized lidocaine for patients suffering interstitial cystitis and/or bladder pain syndrome was evaluated retrospectively. Patients and methods: Five female patients (40 - 71 years old) diagnosed as interstitial cystitis by cystoscopic findings and a 68 year-old bladder pain syndrome patient were enrolled. All patients, having interstitial cystitis, had undergone hydrodistention therapy previously and had not improved their symptoms by empirical therapies. Daily or weekly (upon their severity of symptoms) intravesical instillation of 20 ml of 4% non-alkalinized (pH 6.0 - 7.0) lidocaine solution was performed for several times, and patients were asked to keep them in the bladder as long as two hours each time. Previous medications such as anti-cholinergic drugs and analgesics were continued according to patient's requirements and symptoms. The treatment effect was evaluated comparing O'Leary-Sant Symptom Index for interstitial cystitis patients and visual analog pain scale before and after the series of lidocaine therapies. Results: Instillation was made 6 to 16 times. Patients with interstitial cystitis improved their symptoms from O'Leary-Sant Symptom Index 17.5 to 10, Problem Index from 14.8 to 6 in an average. Crouching pain disappeared in all these patients after the instillation therapy. Severe interstitial cystitis findings on cystoscopy disappeared completely in one patient after the therapy. One patient having bladder pain syndrome reduced her analgesics use, and bladder-filling pain decreased from 7 to 3 as a visual analog scale score. One patient complained palpitation at 11th instillation and abandoned treatment thereafter, otherwise, none of these patients showed side effect concerning lidocaine toxicity. Conclusions: Intravesical non-alkalinized lidocaine instillation therapy for interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome patients were an easy, safe and effective treatment.
Isolation of Antifungal Compounds from Gardenia jasminoides
R.A.A. Lelono,S. Tachibana,K. Itoh
Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences , 2009,
Abstract: Gardenia jasminoides E. (Rubiaceae) methanol extracts showed the highest level of antifungal activity against Pleurotus ostreatus, a wood-rotting fungus, compared to five other methanol plants extracts; [Thuja orientalis L. (Cupressaceae), Datura innoxia (Solanaceae), Ligustrum japonicum T. (Oleaceae), Juniperus chinensis var. procumbens (Cupressaceae) and Mallotus japonica M. (Euphorbiaceae)] and selected for further analysis. Two antifungal compounds were isolated from n-butanol and ethyl acetate solubles in the methanol extracts of Gardenia jasminoides leaves and stems by bioassay-guided fractionation, using Pleurotus ostreatus. The antifungal compounds found for the first time in Gardenia jasminoides against Pleurotus ostreatus were identified as genipin and geniposide based on instrumental analyses. Both also had potent inhibitory effects on two plant pathogenic fungi; Fusarium oxysporum and Corynespora cassiicola.
Increase of S-100 protein-positive stellate cells in the anterior pituitary of chronic alcoholic patients with fatty liver or fatty cirrhosis.
Ishikawa T,Tachibana T,Ishikawa H,Miyaishi S
Acta Medica Okayama , 2003,
Abstract: Healthy subjects 40 years old were used as controls in a study of stellate cells (S-100 protein-containing cells, or S-100 cells) in subjects with chronic alcoholism and fatty liver or fatty cirrhosis. S-100 cells were sparsely found in the adenohypophysis of control subjects, and these cells sometimes formed small clusters. However, in chronic alcoholics with fatty liver or fatty cirrhosis, the number of stellate cells in the anterior pituitary tended to be 17 times higher than it was in the control group. No increase in the number of S-100 positive cells that constitute the large and small follicles in the intermediate pituitary. The physiological function of the S-100 protein has not yet been identified. The fact that an increase in prolactin-secreting and growth hormone-secreting cells, as well as a decrease in gonadotrophs were observed in the hypophysis of alcoholics suggests that the function of stellate cells may be closely related to these phenomena. Our results also imply that the stellate cells found in the anterior and intermediate pituitary differ in function although they both produce S-100 proteins.
Role of adenohypophyseal mixed cell-follicles in age estimation.
Ishikawa T,Miyaishi S,Tachibana T,Yamamoto Y
Acta Medica Okayama , 2003,
Abstract: In this study we used paraffin-embedded human pituitary obtained from 248 autopsy cases and identified mixed cell follicles by the immunohistochemical method. We examined the number and size of the mixed cell follicles, and the ratio of each component cell of these follicles, in the anterior pituitary at various age groups. The number of follicles increased with age, and the size of the follicles also tended to enlarge with age. Statistical analysis showed that a high correlation existed between age and the number or the size of the mixed cell-follicles formed by various adenohypophyseal cells. In addition, when the proportions of the different cell types that formed the follicles were examined, sex differences were observed with aging for the GH cells, the PRL cells, and the gonadotroph (GTH) cells, while no changes were observed with aging in both men and women for the ACTH cells and TSH cells. These results indicate that the number, size, and ratio of each component cell of follicles in the anterior pituitary are adequately applicable for the purpose of age estimation in routine forensic medicine.
High abundances of water-soluble dicarboxylic acids, ketocarboxylic acids and α-dicarbonyls in the mountain aerosols over the North China Plain during wheat burning season
K. Kawamura,E. Tachibana,K. Okuzawa,S. G. Aggarwal
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions , 2013, DOI: 10.5194/acpd-13-3695-2013
Abstract: Aerosol (TSP) samples were collected at the summit of Mount Tai (elevation: 1534 m a.s.l., 36.25° N; 117.10° E) located in the North China Plain using a high-volume air sampler and pre-combusted quartz filters. Sampling was conducted on day/night or 3 h basis in the period from 29 May to 28 June 2006 during the field burning of wheat straw residue and the post-burning season. The filter samples were analyzed for low molecular weight dicarboxylic acids, ketoacids and α-dicarbonyls using capillary gas chromatography (GC) and GC-MS employing water extraction and butyl ester derivatization. Dicarboxylic acids (C2–C11, 220–6070 ng m 3) were characterized by a predominance of oxalic (C2) acid (105–3920 ng m 3) followed by succinic (C4) or malonic (C3) acid. Unsaturated aliphatic diacids, including maleic (M), isomaleic (iM) and fumaric (F) acid, were also detected together with aromatic diacids (phthalic, iso-phthalic and tere-phthalic acids). ω-Oxocarboxylic acids (C2–C9, 24–610 ng m 3) were detected as the second most abundant compound class with the predominance of glyoxylic acid (11–360 ng m 3), followed by α-ketoacid (pyruvic acid, 3–140 ng m 3) and α-dicarbonyls (glyoxal, 1–230 ng m 3 and methylglyoxal, 2–120 ng m 3). We found that these levels (> 6000 ng m 3 for diacids) are several times higher than those reported in Chinese megacities at ground levels. The concentrations of diacids increased from late May to early June showing a maximum on 7 June and then significantly decreased during 8–11 June when the wind direction shifted from northeasterly to northerly. Similar temporal trends were found for ketocarboxylic acids and α-dicarbonyls as well as total carbon (TC) and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC). The temporal variations of water-soluble organics were interpreted by the direct emission from the field burning products of agricultural wastes (wheat straw) in the North China Plain and the subsequent photochemical oxidation of volatile and semi-volatile organic precursors emitted from field burning. This study demonstrates that the field burning of agricultural wastes in early summer strongly influenced the air quality of the free troposphere over the North China Plain.
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